PAI Prediction of Sexual Violence

Predicting recidivism with the Personality Assessment Inventory in a sample of sex offenders screened for civil commitment as sexually violent predators.
Boccaccini, Marcus T., Murrie, Daniel C., Hawes, Samuel W., Simpler, Amber, Johnson, Jeremy.
Psychological Assessment, Vol 22(1), Mar, 2010. pp. 142-148.
Abstract:
We examined the ability of scores from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) to predict postrelease (M = 4.90 years follow-up) arrests in a sample of 1,412 sex offenders. We focused on scores from 4 PAI measures conceptually relevant to offending, including the Antisocial Features (ANT), Aggression (AGG), and Dominance (DOM) scales, as well as the Violence Potential Index (VPI). Scores from several PAI measures demonstrated small- to medium-sized effects in predicting violent nonsexual recidivism, nonviolent recidivism, and sex offender registry violations, with the AGG scale being the strongest (d = 0.50 for violent nonsexual recidivism, d = 0.55 for sex offender registry violations) and most consistent predictor of recidivism.

Personality Assessment Inventory scores as predictors of misconduct among sex offenders civilly committed as sexually violent predators.
Boccaccini, Marcus T., Rufino, Katrina A., Jackson, Rebecca L., Murrie, Daniel C.
Psychological Assessment, Vol 25(4), Dec, 2013. pp. 1390-1395.
Abstract:
We examined the usefulness of scores on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) in predicting treatment program violations among 76 sexual offenders civilly committed as sexually violent predators. Scores on the Borderline Features scale (area under the curve [AUC] = .69, p = .005) and Negative Relationships subscale (BOR–N: AUC = .71, p < .001) were the strongest predictors of misconduct, outperforming scores on scales designed to predict poor treatment amenability and antisocial behavior. Incremental validity analyses indicated that BOR scores made a significant contribution to the prediction of misconduct after controlling for scores on measures of overall self-reported distress (e.g., Mean Clinical Elevation, Negative Impression), which were also predictive of program violations. Overall, our findings point to the potential utility of integrating components of treatment for borderline personality disorder into sex offender treatment.

Personality Assessment Inventory scores as predictors of treatment compliance and misconduct among sex offenders participating in community-based treatment.
Percosky, Amy B., Boccaccini, Marcus T., Bitting, Brian S., Hamilton, Paul M.
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, Vol 13(3), May, 2013. pp. 192-203.
Abstract:
This study examined the ability of the Personality Assessment Inventory scores to predict noncompliance and probation revocations among a sample of sex offenders mandated to participate in community-based treatment. Scores on the Borderline Features (BOR) scale and subscales were the strongest predictors of noncompliance, with effect sizes as large as d = 1.50, outperforming scores on scales designed to predict treatment rejection and antisocial traits. Relatively low BOR cut scores (e.g., 50T, 55T) appeared to be most useful for identifying those at risk for noncompliance, suggesting that those with even moderate levels of borderline or personality disorder traits may be at risk for noncompliance.

Personality Assessment Inventory scores as predictors of misconduct, recidivism, and violence: A meta-analytic review.
Gardner, Brett O., Boccaccini, Marcus T., Bitting, Brian S., Edens, John F.
Psychological Assessment, Vol 27(2), Jun, 2015. pp. 534-544.
Abstract:
More than 30 studies have examined the ability of scores on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991, 2007) to predict violence or misconduct. The Antisocial Features (ANT), Aggression (AGG), and Violence Potential Index (VPI) Scales of the PAI, in particular, have received substantial attention as predictors of institutional infractions and criminal recidivism. The current study used meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive review of the ability of scores on these and other PAI scales to predict misbehavior. Scores on the ANT (d = .26 to .39) and AGG (d = .23 to .40) scales consistently emerged as small to moderate predictors of misbehavior. Effects tended to be larger in correctional than treatment settings (e.g., ANT d = .44 vs. .20), for institutional misconduct than recidivism (e.g., AGG d = .37 vs. .23), and for institutional misconduct studies with follow up periods of at least 1.5 years (e.g., ANT d = .46). Overall, findings provide support for the predictive validity of multiple PAI scales.