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Critique of Specific CIB Claims

6. Recantation

This resource reviews research and explanations concerning recantation of an allegation, including the possibility of pressure or changing circumstances in relationships involving abuse. Its cited studies address court-involved women, help-seeking, prosecution, and reasons people withdraw or revise reports, while presenting varied findings rather than treating recantation as proof of any particular account.

5. Inconsistent, Piecemeal, Changing, or Incomplete Memories 

This resource examines why accounts of an alleged event may be inconsistent, incomplete, or change over time, and assembles research on trauma, memory, and suggestion. The cited work addresses memory implantation, misinformation, retrieval order, suppression, and questioning, illustrating that memory reports can be affected by multiple processes and that trauma alone does not establish their accuracy.

4. Continued Relationship with the Accused

This resource considers explanations offered for continued contact or a relationship between an accuser and the accused after an alleged assault, and reviews research relevant to that issue. Its cited studies discuss prior relationship, post-assault sexual contact, and disclosure patterns, emphasizing that findings from particular samples and relationship histories may not fit a different case.

3. Delayed Disclosure

This resource reviews possible reasons for delayed or piecemeal disclosure and collects research on disclosure, social responses, and post-assault reactions. The cited work examines topics such as minimizing details, anticipated responses from others, and cultural context, showing that disclosure patterns are studied across different populations and cannot by themselves establish whether an assault occurred.

2. Acting “Normal”

This resource addresses claims that a person’s apparently ordinary behavior after an alleged assault is inconsistent with trauma, and gathers research on post-assault symptoms and responses. The cited studies examine topics including acute stress, PTSD, military sexual assault, coping, and social reactions, with findings drawn from distinct samples that do not describe one universal response.

1. “Freeze-Flight-Fight” or Tonic Immobility

This resource reviews explanations offered for a person’s response during an alleged assault, including fight, flight, freezing, tonic immobility, and social affiliation under stress. It compiles research and commentary on fear responses, trauma, and sex differences, while presenting findings from varied populations and study designs rather than establishing a single behavioral pattern for every person.